Decoding of aberrant mRNAs leads to unproductive ribosome stalling and sequestration of components of the translation machinery. Bacteria have evolved three seemingly independent pathways to resolve stalled translation complexes. The trans-translation process. orchestrated by the hybrid transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) and its essential protein co-factor. https://countryscenesaddleryandpetsuppliers.shop/product-category/stands/